Kultura oksidental

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Kultura oksidental, tambe konosí komo sibilisashon oksidental, sibilisashon oropeo, sosiedat oksidental òf simplemente Oksidente, ta referí na e kultura internamente diverso di e mundu oksidental. E término "oksidental" ta enserá normanan sosial, balornan ét, kustumbernan tradishonal, sistema di kreensia, sistema polítiko, artefakto i teknologia ku ta wòrdu enkurashá prinsipalmente den historia di Oropa i Mediteráneo. Un konsepto amplio, "kultura oksidental" no ta relashoná ku un region ku miembronan fiho òf limitashonnan geográfiko. E ta referí generalmente na e kulturanan di e era klasiko di Gresia antiguo i Roma antiguo ku a ekspandé den e basen mediteraneo i Oropa, i despues a sirkulá rònt mundu predominantemente via koloniashon i globalisashon.^[1]

Historikamente, estudionan a asosia estrechamente e idea di kultura oksidental ku e era klásiko di antigedad greko-romano.^[2]^[3] Sinembargo, e estudionan ta rekonose tambe ku otro kulturanan, manera Egipto antiguo, e siudat-estado fenisio i varios kultura di Medio Oriente a stimula i influensia esaki.^[4]^[5]^[6] E periodo helenistiko tambe a promové sinkretismo, mesklando kulturanan griego, romano i hudiu. E avanses prinsipal den literatura, ingenieria i siensia a duna forma na e kultura helenistiko hudiu for di kual e prome kristianonan i e Testamento Nobo griego a surgi.^[7]^[8]^[9] E eventual kristianizashon di Oropa den antikidat lat lo a sigurá ku kristianismo, partikularmente e Iglesia Katóliko, a keda un forsa dominante den kultura okidental pa hopi siglo.^[10]^[11]^[12]

E kultura oksidental a sigui desaroyá durante e Edat Medio manera e reformanan provoká pa e renasementu medieval, e influensia di e mundu islamiko via Al-Andalus i Sisilia (inkluyendo e transferensia di teknologia for di Oriente, traduksion latino i latino di texto arabe riba siensia i filosofia di filósofo islamiko di influensia griego i heleniko),^[13]^[14]^[15] i e Renasementu italiano, ora erudito griego ku tabata hui di e kai di Konstantinopla a trese tekstonan griego i romano antiguo bèk na Oropa sentral i oksidental.^[16] E kristianismo medieval ta ser atribuí na e kreashon di e universidat moderna,^[17]^[18] e sistema di hospital moderno,^[19] e ekonomia sientífiko,^[20]^[21] i e derecho natural(ku despues lo a influensiá e kreashon di e derecho internashonal).^[22] E kultura oropeo a desaroyá un gama kompliká di filosofia, skolastika medieval, mistisismo i humanismo kristian i sekular, preparando e esenario pa e Reforma Protestante den siglo XVI, ku a altera fundamentalmente bida religioso i politiko. Liderá pa personanan manera Martin luther, protestantismo a desafiá outoridat di Iglesia Katóliko i a promové ideanan di libertat individual i reforma religioso, pabrando e kaminda pa e nosionnan moderna di responsabilidat personal i gobièrnu.^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]

E Ilustrashon den siglo XVII i XVIII a kambia e enfoque pa rason, siensia i derechonan individual, influensiando e revolushonnan na Oropa i Amerika i e desaroyo di institushonnan demokratiko moderna. E pensadónan di e Ilustrasion a promové ideanan di pluralismo polítiko i investigashon empíriko ku, huntu ku e Revolushon Industrial, a transformá e sosiedat oksidental. Den siglo XIX i XX, e influensia di rasionalismo ilustrá a sigui ku e kresementu di sekularismo i demokrasia liberal, miéntras ku e Revolushon Industrial a impulsa kresementu ekonómiko i teknologiko. E expansion di e movementonan di derechonan i e dekadensia di autoridad religioso a marka kambionan kultural signifikativo. E tendensianan ku a yega di defini sosiedatnan oksidental moderna ta inklui e konsepto di pluralismo politiko, individualismo, subkulturanan prominente of kontrakulturanan i e sinkretismo kultural kresiente resultante di globalizashon inmigrashon.

Referensia

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↑ Hanson, Victor Davis (2007). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power . Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8 ".E término "Oksidental" ta referí na e kultura di antigwedat klasiko ku a surgi na Gresia i Roma; e a sobreviví na e kolapso di e Imperio Romano; e a plama na Oost i nort di Europa; despues, durante e periodonan grandi di eksplorashon i koloniashon di e siglonan XV ke tu XIX, e a plama na Amerika, Australia i áreanan di Asia i Afrika; i awor e ta ehersé un poder polítiko, ekonómiko, kultural i militar global hopi mas grandi ku e tamaño di su teritorio òf poblashon por sugerí di otro manera."
↑ Malchi:Multiref2
↑ Malchi:Multiref2
↑ Nightingale, Andrea (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece. Cambridge University Press, "The Philosophers in Archaic Greek Culture", pp. 171. ISBN 978-0-521-52929-7 ""We have ample evidence that the Greek thinkers encountered and responded to many different cultures and ideologies. Consider, for example, the city of Miletus, which was the center of intellectual activity in sixth-century Ionia. Miletus bordered on the Lydian and, later, the Persian empires and had extensive dealings with these cultures.In addition, it had trading relations all over the Mediterranean and sent out numerous colonies to Egypt and Thrace. The Milesian thinkers thus encountered ideas and practices from all over the “known” world. In the Archaic period, the interaction of different peoples from Greece, Italy, Egypt, and the Near East created a cultural ferment that had a profound impact on Greek life and thought.""
↑ Boardman, John (1982), "The material culture of Archaic Greece", in Boardman, John; Hammond, N. G. L., The Cambridge Ancient History, 3 (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 450, doi:10.1017/chol9780521234474.018, ISBN 978-0-521-23447-4, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/material-culture-of-archaic-greece/5A560E907896C32DF55E224DB6C8EFC4, retrieved 2024-10-20, "Knowledge of Egyptian art after the mid century led to Greek exploitation of the harder stone, their white island marble, for the first time, and the creation of figures at life size or more. We know these best—the kouroi and korai—as dedications and grave markers, but a prime use for monumental statuary must have been as cult images and it is at about this time that the temple-houses, oikoi, for these images begin to receive a monumental form and, again probably through inspiration from Egypt are decorated with architectural orders: first the Doric in homeland Greece, then the orientalizing Ionic in the East Greek world."
↑ Scott, John C (2018). The Phoenicians and the Formation of the Western World. Comparative Civilizations Review 78 (78) (Brigham Young University). ISSN: 0733-4540.
↑ Green, P. (2008). Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age. Phoenix, xiii. ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9.
↑ Porter, Stanley E. (2013). Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism: social and literary contexts for the New Testament. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 978-9004234765.
↑ Hengel, Martin (2003). Judaism and Hellenism: studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period. Wipf & Stock, Eugene, OR. ISBN 978-1-59244-186-0.
↑ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715, Cengage Learning. Cengage Learning, p. 156. ISBN 978-1-305-63347-6.
↑ Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957). Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2, Newman Press, p. 224.
↑ O'Collins, Gerald, Farrugia, Maria (2003). Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity. Oxford University Press, v. ISBN 978-0-19-925995-3.
↑ Haskins, Charles Homer (1927), The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-6747-6075-2, https://archive.org/details/renaissanceoftw00char
↑ George Sarton: A Guide to the History of Science Waltham Mass. U.S.A. 1952
↑ Burnett, Charles. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century", Science in Context, 14 (2001): 249–288.
↑ Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989). Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches . University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wis.. ISBN 0-299-11880-0.
↑ Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. xix–xx
↑ Malchi:Harnvb
↑ Risse, Guenter B. (April 1999). Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals . Oxford University Press, 59. ISBN 978-0-19-505523-8.
↑ Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). History of Economic Analysis. Allen & Unwin, London.
↑ "Review of How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization by Thomas Woods, Jr.". National Review Book Service. http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=c6664.
↑ Cf. Jeremy Waldron (2002), God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), ISBN 978-0-521-89057-1, pp. 189, 208
↑ The Protestant Heritage Malchi:Webarchive, Britannica
↑ McNeill, William H. (2010). History of Western Civilization: A Handbook, University of Chicago Press. University of Chicago Press, p. 204. ISBN 978-0-226-56162-2.
↑ Faltin, Lucia (2007). The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity , A&C Black. A&C Black, 83. ISBN 978-0-8264-9482-5.
↑ Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326

[1] Hanson, Victor Davis (2007). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power . Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8 ".E término "Oksidental" ta referí na e kultura di antigwedat klasiko ku a surgi na Gresia i Roma; e a sobreviví na e kolapso di e Imperio Romano; e a plama na Oost i nort di Europa; despues, durante e periodonan grandi di eksplorashon i koloniashon di e siglonan XV ke tu XIX, e a plama na Amerika, Australia i áreanan di Asia i Afrika; i awor e ta ehersé un poder polítiko, ekonómiko, kultural i militar global hopi mas grandi ku e tamaño di su teritorio òf poblashon por sugerí di otro manera."

[grecoroman1-2] Malchi:Multiref2

[grecoroman2-3] Malchi:Multiref2

[4] Nightingale, Andrea (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece. Cambridge University Press, "The Philosophers in Archaic Greek Culture", pp. 171. ISBN 978-0-521-52929-7 ""We have ample evidence that the Greek thinkers encountered and responded to many different cultures and ideologies. Consider, for example, the city of Miletus, which was the center of intellectual activity in sixth-century Ionia. Miletus bordered on the Lydian and, later, the Persian empires and had extensive dealings with these cultures.In addition, it had trading relations all over the Mediterranean and sent out numerous colonies to Egypt and Thrace. The Milesian thinkers thus encountered ideas and practices from all over the “known” world. In the Archaic period, the interaction of different peoples from Greece, Italy, Egypt, and the Near East created a cultural ferment that had a profound impact on Greek life and thought.""

[5] Boardman, John (1982), "The material culture of Archaic Greece", in Boardman, John; Hammond, N. G. L., The Cambridge Ancient History, 3 (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 450, doi:10.1017/chol9780521234474.018, ISBN 978-0-521-23447-4, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-ancient-history/material-culture-of-archaic-greece/5A560E907896C32DF55E224DB6C8EFC4, retrieved 2024-10-20, "Knowledge of Egyptian art after the mid century led to Greek exploitation of the harder stone, their white island marble, for the first time, and the creation of figures at life size or more. We know these best—the kouroi and korai—as dedications and grave markers, but a prime use for monumental statuary must have been as cult images and it is at about this time that the temple-houses, oikoi, for these images begin to receive a monumental form and, again probably through inspiration from Egypt are decorated with architectural orders: first the Doric in homeland Greece, then the orientalizing Ionic in the East Greek world."

[6] Scott, John C (2018). The Phoenicians and the Formation of the Western World. Comparative Civilizations Review 78 (78) (Brigham Young University). ISSN: 0733-4540.

[Alexander-7] Green, P. (2008). Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age. Phoenix, xiii. ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9.

[8] Porter, Stanley E. (2013). Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism: social and literary contexts for the New Testament. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 978-9004234765.

[9] Hengel, Martin (2003). Judaism and Hellenism: studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period. Wipf & Stock, Eugene, OR. ISBN 978-1-59244-186-0.

[10] Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715, Cengage Learning. Cengage Learning, p. 156. ISBN 978-1-305-63347-6.

[11] Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957). Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2, Newman Press, p. 224.

[12] O'Collins, Gerald, Farrugia, Maria (2003). Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity. Oxford University Press, v. ISBN 978-0-19-925995-3.

[Haskins-13] Haskins, Charles Homer (1927), The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-6747-6075-2, https://archive.org/details/renaissanceoftw00char

[Sarton-14] George Sarton: A Guide to the History of Science Waltham Mass. U.S.A. 1952

[Burnett-15] Burnett, Charles. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century", Science in Context, 14 (2001): 249–288.

[Geanakoplos_1989-16] Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989). Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches . University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wis.. ISBN 0-299-11880-0.

[Rüegg,_Walter_1992-17] Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. xix–xx

[harnvb|Verger|1999-18] Malchi:Harnvb

[Risse_59-19] Risse, Guenter B. (April 1999). Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals . Oxford University Press, 59. ISBN 978-0-19-505523-8.

[Schumpeter_1954-20] Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). History of Economic Analysis. Allen & Unwin, London.

[National_Review_Book_Service-21] "Review of How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization by Thomas Woods, Jr.". National Review Book Service. http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=c6664.

[22] Cf. Jeremy Waldron (2002), God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), ISBN 978-0-521-89057-1, pp. 189, 208

[23] The Protestant Heritage Malchi:Webarchive, Britannica

[24] McNeill, William H. (2010). History of Western Civilization: A Handbook, University of Chicago Press. University of Chicago Press, p. 204. ISBN 978-0-226-56162-2.

[25] Faltin, Lucia (2007). The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity , A&C Black. A&C Black, 83. ISBN 978-0-8264-9482-5.

[26] Karl Heussi, Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte, 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326

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